PUBLICATION DATES
      It's important to know the date a document was published. This information tells the reader how much time has passed between the writing and publication of the source document and the writing of your own research paper. Obviously, in research writing, the newer the information, the better.
      The date of publication is almost always the second element of the reference, coming right after the author(s). With few exceptions, only the year of publication is given. The year is included in parenthesis, and followed by a period.
REPUBLISHED BOOKS
      Sometimes a book is republished for various reasons. If a book is out of print, and sufficient demand exists, a publisher might begin printing it again to capitalize on that demand. When this happens, citing the newer publication date would be misleading-the book is exactly the same as when it was originally published. In cases like this, two dates are given: the original publication date and the new publication date. The two dates are included in parentheses, separated by a slash. The right parenthesis is followed by a period.
NO DATE GIVEN
      In rare cases, no date is given for the publication of a source. While this is much more common with older sources, this still happens today. Instead of a date, when a date is not available, simply put "n.d."-for no date-in the parentheses. Follow the right parenthesis with a period.
Standard form | (1994). |
Republished source | (1969/1996). |
No date given | (n.d.). |

TITLES
      Every document has (or should have) a title. Some citations--such as articles in journals and chapters in edited books--will actually need two titles: the title of the smaller work (the article or chapter) and the title of the larger work (the journal or book). Whether one or two titles is necessary will depend on the source you are working with.
      Titles are often broken into two or more parts. Sometimes a subtitle is tacked onto a title to clarify the meaning of the title. Sometimes the title as written is purposefully obscure; the subtitle in these cases indicates the source's real content. If a source like a book or monograph is part of a series, the series title is sometimes included as a sort of subtitle. It's important to know how to format the various elements of your source's title.
      Capitalize the first word in each element: main title, subtitle, and series name. If any element contains a proper name, capitalize that too. Use a colon (:) between main title and subtitle, main title and series name, or subtitle and series name. Precede a series name with the abbreviation "Vol." and the source's number within that series, as in "Vol. 2." If all three elements exist, put the series name last.
      The titles of larger sources (such as books and journals) are underlined, while the titles of smaller sources (such as articles and chapters) are not. Additionally, some titles are followed by a period, while others are not. Check the section on the individual source type for further information about formatting the title(s).
Title only | A handbook for Pig Latin educators |
Title and subtitle | Perpetuating porcine persuasion: Pig Latin and its role in public speaking |
Title and series name | Elements of umlaut in Mediterranian dialects of Pig Latin: Vol. 6. Studies in PL phonology |
Title, subtitle, and series name | Pig Latin versus Pig Dutch: A contrastive grammar: Vol. 23. Studies in comparative linguistics |
